A subsidy, subvention or government incentive is a type of government expenditure which redistributes from tax payers to individuals, households, or businesses. Subsidies take various forms, such as direct government expenditures, tax incentives, soft loans, price support, and government provision of goods and…

A power purchase agreement (PPA), or electricity power agreement, is a long-term contract between an electricity generator and a customer, usually a utility, government or company. PPAs may last anywhere between 5 and 20 years, during which time the power purchaser buys energy at a pre-negotiated price.

An energy crisis from 2021 to 2023 began in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in shortages and increased prices in oil, gas and electricity markets. The crisis was particularly acute in Europe, and especially following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the energy crisis became popularly associated with…

Carbon emission trading (also called carbon market, emission trading scheme (ETS) or cap and trade) is a type of emissions trading scheme designed for carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). A form of carbon pricing, its purpose is to limit climate change by creating a market with limited allowances…

The Limitation of the Vend was a historic price fixing cartel of coal mine owners of north east England. Its principal customers were ships' captains who purchased cargoes of coal and aimed to resell them in other parts of England; but above all in London which, by becoming the planet's first large mineral-fuelled…

An electric vehicle battery is a rechargeable battery used to power the electric motors of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). They are typically lithium-ion batteries that are designed for high power-to-weight ratio and energy density.

Building insulation materials are the building materials that form the thermal envelope of a building or otherwise reduce heat transfer. Insulation may be categorized by its composition (natural or synthetic materials), form (batts, blankets, loose-fill, spray foam, and panels), structural contribution (insulating…

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Home energy storage refers to residential energy storage devices that store electrical energy locally for later consumption. Usually, electricity is stored in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, controlled by intelligent software to handle charging and discharging cycles.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers to display information. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly but instead use a backlight or reflector to produce images in…